Grief Lessons – Four Plays by Euripides
Translated by Anne Carson
As far as we know, the beginnings of literature were the classical Greek dramas from about 2500 years ago. The first famous Greek playwright whose work has survived was Aeschylus, followed by Sophocles, then Euripides. Euripides competed in 22 of the annual Athenian dramatic competitions and won the competition five times. I suppose these dramatic competitions were the classical Greek equivalent of the Booker, and like the Booker, not only Greeks were allowed to compete. Euripides was from northern Africa. Although Euripides wrote many, many plays, only 19 of his plays have survived.
In these classical Greek plays all the many gods have super-human powers, but have the same emotions, the same passions, the same lusts and jealousies as humans, frequently with disastrous consequences for the humans. These gods frequently take the human shape and form. Also there are the humans, and finally there are those who are a mixture of both, being offspring of both a god and a human. These part humans / part gods are the most interesting and tragic ones of all. They have some super-human powers but have all the weaknesses of people.
Theseus : “My advice is endure it. No mortal is untouched by changes of luck, no god either – if poets tell the truth. Don’t gods sleep in one another’s beds? Don’t they throw their fathers into chains and take their power? But all the same they occupy Olympos, they hold on, criminals or not. Will you protest your fate, when gods do not? Leave Thebes then, follow me to Athens.”
The preceding is from Euripides’ play “Herakles” as translated by Anne Carson. The tone is straightforward, clear as a bell, and easy to follow. Anne Carson translating classical Greek is one of those select group of reliable translators including Gregory Rabassa for Spanish, Richard Wilbur for French, Constance Garnet and David Magarshack and Pevear / Volokhonsky for Russian, and Michael Hoffman for German. These translators always select strong works of literature to translate and then get the tone and the story exactly right. I have read many classical Greek plays translated by Anne Carson, and have enjoyed them very much. Anne Carson is also an excellent poet of her own work, including “An Autobiography of Red- A Novel in Verse”. Usually I don’t read most prefaces to works of literature, but Anne Carson’s I do, high praise indeed.
In these Euripides plays, there is the eternal question “Why does God or the gods let terrible things happen to good people?” Perhaps because the Greek gods intermingle with the people so freely and take human form, they probably lead to more dramatic possibilities than the ones in our own religions. That may be one of the reasons that these Greek plays are a high point of world literature. The only works comparable are Shakespeare’s plays. Each of these plays take about an hour to read.
Classical Greece was a high point of literature, yet I have found little from the Roman Empire to compare. I’ve read Virgil’s Aenead and the Satyricon, yet found these works wanting as drama. Can anyone name a work from the Roman empire that they treasure as literature?

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